Should Internet Have A Tax Essays - Sales Taxes, Economy

Should Internet Have A Tax? In 1998, retailers sold about $8 billion products and enterprises to purchasers over the Internet, or on-line, while business to business online trade was esteemed at an expected $17 billion. Business week after week magazine (June 22, 1998) anticipated that Internet trade would build the U.S. GDP (GPD) by between $10 billion and $20 billion yearly by 2002. They contend that monumental new Internet charges, at any rate during the following barely any years, would stall the Internet's development and trick an area of the economy that is at present prospering. Until further notice industry pioneers state it is critical to fabricate customer trust in the Internet by avoiding forcing charges or other administrative obstructions that may dissuade individuals from shopping on line. Web retailers must charge a business charge just if the organization has a physical nearness, for example, a stockroom or an office, in the state where the client is purchasing the thing. Something else, organiz ations don't need to add the business assessment to the price tag. In 1997, Sen. Ron Wyden brought the enactment that formed into the Internet Tax Freedom Act. The ITFA required a ban of roughly six years on the tax collection from Internet exchanges, access, or interchanges. Wyden considered the ban a break period that would offer the Internet the chance to keep on developing. The objective of the enactment was to give administrators and Internet industry time to make sense of a national tax collection arrangement. Numerous organizations, he says, would be frightened off from the Internet on the off chance that they were troubled with the duty of checking and implementing a shrubbery of clashing deals charges forced by different states and regions. To be sure the potential loss of expense income for states and regions is probably the greatest concern. In contrast to the government, which doesn't force a business charge, states are intensely reliant on deals duties to raise incomes. Deals charges involve 49% of expense incomes gathered by the states, while state personal duties contain just 33%, as indicated by the government insights. Pundits of the ITFA state that if states regions are not allowed to gather burdens on Internet exchanges, they could lose truly necessary income that helps pay for taxpayer driven organizations, for example, interstate development and government funded instruction. Others state that not gathering deals charge from the Internet is characteristically unfair since organizations that don't take part in electronic business should at present charge deals charges. It is in a general sense uncalled for that Main Street retailers ought to be required to gather a business charge while Internet and mail requ est merchants can sell similar products and not be required to gather a business charge, contends Utah Gov. Michael Leavitt. When buyers and organizations become acclimated with tax-exempt shopping on the Internet, there might be a reaction against endeavors to force deals charges when the ban closes. Government ought to force an assessment on all things sold over the Internet. The least difficult and simplest to execute, would be a level rate that applies to all states. I believe that if there is no assessment gathered from these deals, each state will begin to experience the ill effects of lose of income that helps pay for a portion of life's necessities, for example, streets, training, and law requirement. I imagine that Congress realized that there was an issue and by putting a ban, it would give them future time up with certain thoughts. Be that as it may, when they concoct thoughts it will be to late. On the off chance that they do authorize an assessment on Internet deals, individuals will either pay it or begin returning to Main Street organizations, at that point we have an issue since Internet will no longer have a similar deal volume. On the off chance that they don't implement an expense, I imagine that the Main Street organizations will either close their entryways or go to the Internet for their deals. In the last occasion they will likely despite everything shut their entryways and move to a place of business. Why have an immense store that they no longer need when they can run everything from a PC. I figure government should put an assessment on Internet deals. List of sources References Hesitant, Peter. You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet. Business Week (June 22, 1998) p. 130

HRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture - myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theHRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture. Answer: In this book, the Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach, I have had the option to increase some learning experience that will help me explicitly in the expert field. The significant exercise picked up in this module is the means by which HRM assumes a basic job in any association. HRM manages fundamentally the administration (arrangement of labor) and authority of an association to guarantee there is coordination and a working framework. HRM is one of the most esteemed divisions in an association dependable in formation of the association culture and structure. This crucial organ in the association additionally manages general association and administrative execution just as worker execution and prizes (Beardwell Thompson 2017). The investigation of this HRM module has supported in change of conduct regarding great execution in the work place and a solid positive association culture. This examination has revealed insight into what is anticipated from you in the work plac e. A rule of the set of working responsibilities and how to play out the most ideal way that could be available remembering the prizes expected and merited. HRM has additionally helped in understanding obligations assigned and away from of the association levels of leadership. Along these lines, I am ready to accomplish work in understanding to expected set of responsibilities and is helping as an instrument for compensation exchange. I am ready to feel roused at work and along these lines bringing about better execution in my work and uplifting demeanor at my work place. Understanding the HRM organ in an association has helped in my expert turn of events and this has helped me advance in my profession. The HRM information has improved my comprehension of an association structure well and my position, obligations and duties that ought to be finished. This has empowered me to perform profoundly towards accomplishing an association shared objectives and goals. Prizes and acknowledgment in the association has brought inspirational demeanor and vitality towards work. Investigation of HRM is expansive and different however there is still spac e for additional examination in different subjects explicitly investigation of HRM slants everywhere throughout the world and sharing any useful info on impact of worldwide partnerships. References: Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human asset the executives: a contemporary methodology. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human asset the executives: a contemporary methodology. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education.

Deep Breathing Exercises to Reduce Anxiety

Deep Breathing Exercises to Reduce Anxiety Panic Disorder Coping Print Deep Breathing Exercises to Reduce Anxiety By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 23, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 23, 2020 Image Source / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Breathing is a necessity of life that usually occurs without much thought. When you breathe in air, blood cells receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a waste product thats carried back through your body and exhaled. Improper breathing can upset the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and contribute to anxiety, panic attacks, fatigue, and other physical and emotional disturbances.?? Your Breathing Can Contribute to Your Anxiety and Panic Most people arent really conscious of the way theyre breathing, but generally, there are two types of breathing patterns: Thoracic (chest) breathingDiaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing When people are anxious they tend to take rapid, shallow breaths that come directly from the chest. This type of breathing is called thoracic or chest breathing. When you’re feeling anxious, you may not even be aware you’re breathing this way. Chest breathing causes an upset in the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body resulting in increased heart rate, dizziness, muscle tension, and other physical sensations.?? Your blood is not being properly oxygenated and this may signal a stress response that contributes to anxiety and panic attacks. During abdominal or diaphragmatic breathing, you take even, deep breaths. This is the way newborn babies naturally breathe. Youre also probably using this pattern of breathing when youre in a relaxed stage of sleep. Difference Between Chest and Abdominal Breathing The easiest way to determine your breathing pattern is to put one hand on your upper abdomen near the waist and the other in the middle of your chest. As you breathe, notice which hand raises the most. If youre breathing properly, your abdomen should expand and contract with each breath (and the hand on it should raise the most). Its especially important to be aware of these differences during stressful and anxious times when youre more likely to breathe from your chest. Simple Abdominal Breathing Exercise for Relaxation The next time you’re feeling anxious try this simple relaxation technique: Inhale slowly and deeply through your nose. Keep your shoulders relaxed. Your abdomen should expand, and your chest should rise very little.Exhale slowly through your mouth. As you blow air out, purse your lips slightly, but keep your jaw relaxed. You may hear a soft “whooshing” sound as you exhale.Repeat this breathing exercise for several minutes.?? You can perform this exercise as often as needed. It can be done standing up, sitting down, or lying down. If you find this exercise difficult or believe its making you anxious or panicky, stop for now. Sometimes people with a panic disorder initially feel increased anxiety or panic while doing this exercise. This may be due to anxiety caused by focusing on your breathing, or you may be unable to do the exercise correctly without some practice. Try it again in a day or so and build up the time gradually.? Deep Breathing for Panic Disorder

Fanon, Kanye, and Gandhi Essay - 1277 Words

Gandhi and Fanon both believed in what was correct and just. They believed that the man should be free, especially if they are being controlled by the colonists’ ideals. This was the case for both Algiers and India. These two countries were being controlled by that one principle of the colonizers which is that they are better and therefore should be in control. In the case of India, they were being oppressed by the British and deprived of having their own land for themselves. Then there was Fanon’s battle, which had a different approach to it. The French were the ones colonizing Algiers and they were being repressed into living in misery and oppression. They understood that the colonization of people not only affected them physically†¦show more content†¦We must not cultivate the spirit of the exceptional or look for the hero, another form of leader. We must elevate the people, expand their minds, equip them differentiate them, and humanize them†(137). Violence is the way to make sure there is a consciousness is present in every peasant, which wont let the colonized be manipulated by either the ex-colonizers nor the new governors of their country. For the third part of his argument Fanon shows what usually happens after the decolonization of a country. Here he exposes the methods in which the leaders of bourgeois nationalities enrich themselves by abandoning the long term development of their country so they can earn as soon as possible and as much as possible. Even if it means staying bound and subjugated to the interests of developed countries. In the fourth part it’s about the development of a culture that is immeasurable nor cares about the European culture. This one is important because just like the success of everyone depends on the masses, the international culture depends on the construction of the culture of every sub-developed nation. â€Å"It is the national liberation that puts the nation on the stage of history. It is at the heart of national consciousness that international consciousness establishes itself and thrives. And this dual emergence, in fact, is the

Adolescent Self And Socio Emotional Development - 2699 Words

David Kerr, EED441 - Constructions of Adolescence and their Educational Implications. Assignment one, Adolescent Self and Socio-emotional Development. A. Identify and discuss 3-5 key socio-emotional issues illustrated in the mid-adolescent’s portrait. B. Outline the trends that occur in each of the chosen areas of socio-emotional development as a typical high school student moves from early adolescence (e.g. Year 7/8) to mid-adolescence (Year 11/12). C.Consider and discuss how a high school teacher can use evidence-based practice to accommodate the socio-emotional needs of adolescent students in a mixed ability classroom. Adolescence is generally said to begin at approximately the age of 13 but can vary according to environmental, cultural and historical circumstances. The teen in the portrait being 15 years old falls into mid adolescence and shows many of the attributes associated with this stage of development. The portrait shows many instances of the teens socio-emotional growth which can be interpreted in many ways with reference to many issues, this paper will focus on identity confusion, self esteem, egocentrism, gender identity and emotional competence but these issues cannot be fully explored without passing mention to other issues which can also be observed within the portrait. Identity Confusion The teen shows signs of identity confusion as described by Erik Erikson’s (1950,1968) theory and falls into the fifth developmental stage he called identity versusShow MoreRelatedAdolescent self and socio-emotional development Essays2920 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Adolescent self and socio-emotional development Socio-emotional processes are defined by John Santrock in Adolescence as ‘the changes in an individuals personality, relationships with others and social contexts’ (Santrock, 2010, p. 15). During socio-emotional development, changes occur in relationships and personality within social contexts the individual exists in; Adolescents are experiencing and discovering their identity and the experience of emotions and finding meaning within the adolescentRead MoreAdolescence, in modern society is the transition from childhood to adulthood. Known as a time of600 Words   |  3 Pageschildhood to adulthood. Known as a time of rebellion, crisis, pathology and deviance, this period of life is influenced by the ethnicity, the culture, the gender, the Socio Economic Status, the age and the life style. Adolescence period usually ends with a physically, cognitively, and socio emotionally changed young adult. The physical development in adolescence In trying to discuss adolescence, most adult tend to confuse the terms adolescence and puberty, and use them synonymously. However, puberty refersRead MoreAttachment, Antisocial, And Antisocial Behavior1716 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents Secure early infant attachments are imperative to a person’s life because it assists in the development of empathy and emotional self-regulation. A healthy development of empathy and emotional self-regulation promotes prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is the deliberate action of helping and/or benefiting another person, group, or society in general without any thought of being rewarded. Securing an early infant attachment can develop an automaticRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Bad Kids1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficult home lives, and the effect of drugs can leave a significant imprint on the rest of an individual’s life. The context which individuals are surrounded by during their developmental years has a significant impact on their mental health and development. In the documentary, The Bad Kids this idea is depicted through the portrayal of adolescence and early adulthood periods of the individuals at Black Rock Continuation High School. The film portrays the lives of at risk teens, who are given a secondRead MoreSocial Development And Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescence (12-18 years of age) stage in human development is the period between puberty to legal adulthood. During this transitional stage physical, emotional, intellectual, social and psychological changes occur. This essay will discuss about some transition on socio-cultural and cognitive aspects as well as two normative and a non-normative events occurring during this stage. Erikson’s theory of social development and Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been used in this essay to discuss theRead MoreDevelopment Stages of Adolescents2191 Words   |  9 PagesAdolescence is the distinct transitional stage between childhood and adulthood in human development, extending primarily over the teenage years and terminating legally when the age of majority is reached (Rathus, 2014). However in some instances, this biologic al, cognitive, social and emotional maturity may not be reached until a later stage and may be dictated by gender. Adolescence is characterised by rapidly changing and unpredictable behaviour (Freud, as cited in Rathus 2014), heightened andRead MoreParental Power And Adult Authority1473 Words   |  6 PagesLatino children seemed to display these conditions at a higher level than the general population† (Cohen, 2015). The study emphasizes that the parenting skills within inherited Hispanic culture should be improved in order to promote healthy emotional development for their children. Religion is significantly important for Hispanics. The majority of Hispanic populations believe Roman Catholic. The church influences family life and community engagements in spiritually (Key Points on Latino Culture)Read MorePeer Attachment And Self Esteem1568 Words   |  7 Pagesin determining high self-esteem of students. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self-evaluation along a positive- negative dimension. Most generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s over all positive evaluation to the self. The study was conducted in Hisar District of Haryana state. All the adolescents studying in 9th and 10th standard falling in the age group 15 – 16 years were included in the sample for the study. Self-esteem was taken asRead MoreGender And Ethnic Background On Adolescent Development997 Words   |  4 Pagesneighborhood in which the adolescent lives, their socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic background, play a role in their development. A spectrum that considers a multifaceted framework, provides a platform to enhance one’s understanding of the assessment outcomes. According to Hill, Bromell, Tyson Flint (2007), the stages of adolescent development from ages eight to sixteen, involve biological, social, and cognitive components. Adolescents move through phases of identity development which encapsulatesRead MoreCognitive And Socio Emotional Behavior Within The Classroom802 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers evaluate their incoming student’s roosters. For the past four months, a physical metamorphosis has been occurring within the adolescent body which may transpire by leaps and bound for some teens while for others the hypothalamus slowly begins the journey out of hibernation. How will the physical development of these adolescents alter the cognitive and socio-emotional behavior within the classroom or their relationship with their peers? By examining secular trend s, the biological change known

Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh Free Essays

Why Bangladesh Studies should be taught for the students of BBA It is important to learn the whereabouts of a country if someone wants to do business in a particular region or a country. As a student of BBA in Bangladesh, ‘Bangladesh studies’ is as important as any other courses in the whole curriculum. If one wants to start business in a particular area (say Bangladesh), one must acquire complete knowledge about: Geography Historical backgrounds Culture Manners customs Religion and caste Political conditions and attitudes of the political parties Transport telecommunication Economic infrastructure Government policies facilities Banking investments Local business business communities Natural calamities Insurance securities Management Labour cost Electricity power These prospects are described in detailed as followings: Studying geography of Bangladesh, a student will acquire knowledge about the resources, landmass, transport, economic trend of Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now This helps to find a suitable place for establishing business/industrial complex. It is necessary to know the history of Bangladesh as there exists a strong connection between people of the country and their mentality and customs. Now comes the culture, manners customs. Knowing the culture of Bangladesh will help the student to guess whether the people (consumers) will appreciate the promoted product/service or not. Studying manners and customs are important as well. These will help to acquire knowledge about the tendency and likings of the consumers. It is also important to learn about religion and caste of people of Bangladesh as will help to acquire knowledge about social ceremonies, obligations and harmony of the consumers. Political  conditions of Bangladesh always affect business and economy. The student must be well aware of political stability and attitude of the politicians towards business and economic sectors. Transport Telecommunication is one of most important factor in entrepreneurship. It is important to know about the transport and telecoms of Bangladesh in order to save time and cost, get logistics, international clientele and also for marketing and advertising. Also note that well established infrastructure ensures stability in business. So, proper knowledge about the infrastructure of Bangladesh is a must. A student will be well aware of the business laws, policies identified by the government of Bangladesh. It is necessary to know the whereabouts of banking sectors for financial support, deposits and transactions. There are always possibilities of competitor companies with similar products/services. So learning about the local business of Bangladesh is necessary in order to promote a new product/service. Bangladesh is a disaster prone region. Flood, earthquake and cyclones are likely to occur almost every year and in order to face the likely disaster and hazards a student need to know how government and other organizations deal with it. Another important factor related to business is insurance and securities. A BBA student must acquire enough knowledge about insurance sectors of Bangladesh to do a better secured business. It needs a good management and resourceful labour to run a company/industry. Bangladesh studies will help a student where to find the finest executives and cheap and resourceful labour. In case of an industry, accessibility of Electricity and Power is also another important factor. With proper knowledge about the geology of the country a student can identify where to establish an industrial complex. So, it is quite clear that Studying about Bangladesh for BBA students is necessary. Proper knowledge in this field makes a student of BBA a better entrepreneur in the future. How to cite Why Bangladesh studies should be taught to students of BBA in Bangladesh, Essays

Karma And Varna Essays - Religion, Indian Religions,

Karma And Varna What is the relation, if any, of the concept of varna to the concept of karma? Of karma to the doctrine of reincarnation? The concepts of varna and karma are each closely related to the eastern civilization religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Varna and karma go hand in hand with each other to explain themselves, as does karma with the doctrine of reincarnation. The complicated explanation of all of these concepts follows. In order to understand the concept of karma, one must first understand the term varna. An appropriate definition would be the rise of class system, which the Hindus adhere to. An English translation of varna, however, is simply the word "color" (Noss 87). There are four social classes that break down the class system otherwise known as varna. Beginning with the highest class, there is the Brahmins or priests, followed by the ruling Kshatriyas, the Vaisyas (common people), and finally the Shudras (servants). The Brahmins said that if one was a member of any of the first three classes to be extremely careful to avoid the Shudras (Noss 87). Now that we have somewhat of an understanding of varna, the concept of karma can be more easily explained. Karma simply stated is that the way one lives his or her life now determines destiny or fate. In other words, the consequences of one's actions in this life will determine what they do or become in the next life. Therefore, karma is what made one who he or she is in the present life due to the actions the person portrayed in his or her previous life. Karma is the cause of one's destiny in the future life, and is what caused a person to be who he or she is today. Now we will explain the relationship between varna and karma. Let's imagine the following situation. There are two people living in the Vaisyas class of commoners. One of them does only good deeds, has good thoughts, and portrays an all around good sense of well being. The other person commits crimes, has bad thoughts, and portrays an over all sense of evil or no good. The first person will perhaps become a member of the Kshatriya class, moving up on the wheel of samsara. The other person will most likely become a Shudra in the next life. So, perhaps in their most recent previous lives', the first person was a good person of the Shudra class, and samsara declared that he or she rise in class; and the second person may have been a bad person of the Kshatriya class, therefore he or she declined in class. There are endless possibilities, but the relationship between karma and varna is obvious here. Simply stated, karma determines varna. Next we will look at the doctrine of reincarnation as it relates to karma. Reincarnation is an easier concept to grasp than karma. Reincarnation can be defined as the never-ending time line of life. In other words, we all have been someone or something else before or present life began, and after the present life is over, we will become someone or something else again. Karma is what determines who or what we will become. Karma develops our own fate and destiny for reincarnation. The life one lives now determines what he or she will be reincarnated as. Just as karma determined varna, karma now determines reincarnation. Just incase, these ideas are the true meaning of the after-life, I suppose I shall adhere to good karma so that maybe in my next life I can be a member of the highest class.

Holocaust Study Guide

Holocaust Study Guide TYPES OF CAMPS1. One of the types of camps owned by the Nazis was concentration camps. The inmates there were forced to work under harsh conditions and starvation2. The second type of camps was actual death camps. These camps were just made to kill Jewish people and other groups who were classified as enemies of the Nazis.3. There was also a third type of camp called Red Cross camps. At these camps the Red Cross was able to come in and tend for the Jewish people there.PEOPLE INVOLVED4. There were many people who were killed in the Holocaust. Along with the Jews, non-Jewish Poles, alleged communists, political opposition, members of resistance groups, Catholic and Protestant opponents, unionists, homosexuals, physically handicapped, mentally retarted, soviet prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses, anti-Nazi clergy, and psychiatric patients were all killed.5. The Nazis ran the camps and had German doctros perform tests on the prisoners.English: JW Armband

Wait †Should You Really Do a Volunteer Abroad Program

Wait - Should You Really Do a Volunteer Abroad Program SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard about volunteer abroad programs and are wondering if you should participate in one?Volunteer abroad programs can provide amazing experiences and the opportunity to help improve the world, but they can also be expensive, frustrating, and at times ineffective. Read this guide to learn about potential positive and negative effects of volunteer abroad programs and to learn whether you should participate in one. What Is a Volunteer Abroad Program? A volunteer abroad program is any program where a participant travels to a different country and performs volunteer work.Traditionally, religious groups often conducted the majority of volunteer abroad programs, but the popularity of these programs has grown in recent decades, and now many organizations offer them.They are particularly popular with high school and college students as a way to have interesting experiences while young and as something to include on your resume. These programs take place all over the world, from rain forests in Central America to large cities in Asia.Volunteer abroad programs generally work to improve a specific issue or issues.One common area these programs often focus on is education, and many volunteers teach children English or basic math skills in rural schools. Programs that are more health focused may have volunteers provide basichealth care in clinics or shadow a local doctor, and volunteers participating in conservation or environmental programsmay find themselves rehabilitating elephants in Asia or collecting data on coral reef growth in Africa. It is important to know that choosing whether to participate in a volunteer abroad program can be a difficult decision, and there are many factors to take into consideration.While many volunteer abroad programs undoubtedly have a positive impact, some have few real benefits, and there are even a few that can negatively affect people and places. Before you participate in a volunteer abroad program, you should know the impacts, both positive and negative, that they can have.Read on to learn more about volunteer abroad programs and how to decide if you should participate in one. What Are the Benefits of Volunteer Abroad Programs? Allow You to Give Back and Support a Cause You Care About Volunteer abroad programs can be an amazing way for you to work on an issue that is important to you.While participating in a volunteer abroad program, you may help out at free medical clinics, track endangered animal species, teach children in orphanages new games, build houses, or do one of many other activities, depending on your interests and the program’s focus. Being there and doing the work yourself allows you to more easily see the impact of the project and what you did specifically to improve it. You are able toview the results of your work first-hand, such as seeing children use new school supplies, witness people in remote areas receive medical care, see homeless people move into new housing, and more. Many people have at least one cause they are passionate about, and participating in a volunteer abroad program can give you a great opportunity to improve this issue. Provide Experience You Can Include on Your Resume Because volunteer abroad programs provide direct and active work experience, you can often include participating in one on your resume.People who have participated in a volunteer abroad program are still the minority, so having that experience on your resume can help you stand out from the crowd.Participating in a volunteer abroad program can show that you are motivated, a hard worker, and passionate about a cause, all traits that employers like to see. There are also some volunteer experiences that focus on particular career fields. Examples of this includevolunteering in a rural hospital, teaching children English, or treating animals at a wildlife sanctuary.These experiences can be a great way to see if you like the work a specific career involves. Give You an Opportunity to Meet New People and Have New Experiences Many people develop close personal relationships as volunteers.You often work closely with both your fellow volunteers and the groups of people you are helping, which makes it easier to form personal bonds than if you were simply sending money. For your volunteer program, you may beworking with orphans, teaching schoolchildren, giving food and blankets to the homeless, or another activity that involves meaningful interactions with others. These programs also often give you the opportunity to have experiences you wouldn’t typically have the chance to do otherwise, like travel to a new country, see rural villages, work with vulnerable populations, or see wildlife up close. Can Influence Your Personal Growth Many people return from volunteer abroad experiences with a better understanding of the world and the people in it.Seeing others in difficult situations is an eye-opening experience, and it often makes volunteers more appreciative of what they have and more willing to give back in the future. Volunteering abroad also gives you a better understanding of global problems and their impacts on people and communities than a more passive way of learning would, like reading a book or listening to a presentation. What Are the Potential Drawbacks of Volunteer Abroad Programs? May Not Be as Beneficial as They Claim to Be While all programs claim to have significant benefits, this is unfortunately not always the case.Some are little more than glorified vacations, where participants spend most of their time zip-lining and swimming while devoting only a few hours to painting houses or working at a soup-kitchen. Also, considering their large price tags, some programs don’t use their funds wisely, choosing projects that are more fun and interesting for participants rather than ones that help communities more.For example, painting houses is a common activity on these programs because it is easy for participants to do, but the community may be in more need of new houses or improved plumbing or electricity. In addition, paying a volunteer abroad program’s hefty price tag may not be the most effective way to improve a problem.If a volunteer abroad program has 20 students who each paid $5000 to participate in a program where they spend a few weeks helping out at a homeless shelter in Costa Rica, that is a total of $100,000 being spent, a lot of which goes towards plane tickets and room and board. That’s a lot of money, and it may be better spent if participants stayed home and instead combined those donations and used them towards building a brand new homeless shelter or a similar large-scale project. You may be doing a lot of this on some volunteer programs. Some Programs Can Actually Be Harmful This issue is less common, but still occurs. Some volunteer abroad programs can actually have a negative impact.One example is volunteer programs that work in orphanages. While it may be enjoyable for participants to spend a few days or weeks playing with children, it can be very difficult for orphans, who have already lost their parents, to continuously meet new people only to have them leave. There was even an instance of an orphanage in Cambodia that worked with volunteer programs and ended up being exposed as a scam and shut down. The orphanage had made so much money off volunteer abroad programs that parents were pulling their children out of school and sending them to the orphanage instead to earn money for the family.Other potentially negative impacts can occur when unpaid volunteers end up taking jobs away from local workers, such as dentists, doctors, and teachers, who cannot compete with the low or non-existent fees the volunteers charge. Programs Can Be Very Expensive Even if certain programs are very beneficial, nearly all of them have a high price tag for participants.Many of the organizations that run volunteer abroad programs are non-profit organizations without a lot of money, so participants typically have to cover their own expense, like airfare, housing, and food, as well as program costs, such as the costs of providing medical supplies, school supplies, or building materials. There are also for-profit organizations that run high-priced volunteer abroad programs because they know interest is high among students looking for ways to give back and have unique experiences to include on their resumes. No matter who they are run by, volunteer abroad programs often cost thousands of dollars, with some costing $10,000 or more.This can be very difficult for young people to afford, especially when these programs often occur over the summer when participants may have been able to make money by having a paying job. Conditions Can Be Challenging The brochures and websites of these programs may be filled with images of pristine beaches and mountain views, but the reality can be very different.Living conditions are often very simple, with participants living in dormitories or with a local family. You often won’t have a lot of amenities common in Western countries, such as air conditioning, clean water, and internet access.You also probably won’t have access to many of your favorite foods, and finding things to eat can be especially difficult if you have certain dietary restrictions, such as being gluten-free or vegetarian.Additionally, while rare, there is also a higher chance of contracting a disease, especially in tropical countries. Even if you are motivated and working on a program you care about, don’t underestimate the effects difficult living conditions can have. While it may be exciting to live in such a different place at first, it can quickly become disorienting and challenging.I spent several summers conducting research in rural Nicaragua, and I can say from experience that while lounging in a hammock for a few hours can be delightful, spending 8 hours in one every night while wrestling with a mosquito net is not so delightful. How to Decide Whether or Not to Participate in a Volunteer Abroad Program So now that you know there are many benefits and potential drawbacks to participating in a volunteer abroad program, how do you decide whether to participate in one? In order to make an informed decision, research a few programs you may be interested in, and ask yourself the following questions: Why Do You Want to Participate in a Volunteer Abroad Program? Be honest with yourself here.Is your primary motivation truly to try and improve a certain problem in the world, or are you more interested in traveling to a new country and meeting new people? Or maybe you just want something interesting and impressive to include on your college applications? There's no shame in admitting any of those reasons. People travel just for pleasure all the time, and traveling in a way that is sustainable and benefits local businesses can also have a significant positive impact on an area. Similarly, it is very common for students to participate in a certain activity mainly because they are trying to improve their chances of getting accepted to colleges and want their application to stand out. However, you should only participate in a volunteer program if your main reason for doing so is so you can work on a cause you care about, as the people these programs help deserve to have only the most motivated and dedicated volunteers. How Well Have You Researched Particular Programs? You should alwaysresearch a program thoroughly before agreeing to join it. To do this, read through the program’s website and brochures, and think critically about the information they tell you. Ask yourself the following questions: How Does This Program Benefit People or a Place? Don’t just take the program’s assurances at face value; really think about the impact this program will have. Does the project claim to help schoolchildren in El Salvador? How? Do they donate school supplies, give English lessons, train local teachers? What will volunteers specifically be doing? It's easy for programs to make big claims like their participants improve education in rural Cambodia, even if their volunteers spend only a few hours playing with some school kids. The way to avoid joining a program that you end up feeling like doesn't have much of an impact is prior research. Find out the specific activities volunteers will be participating in and how much time will be spent on those activities as opposed to how much time will be spent on more traditional "tourist" activities. If the program is vague about what volunteers will be doing or you don't feel like volunteers spend enough time helping others, you may want to consider a different program or way to give back. How Do Others Feel About the Program? Hearing others' opinions is a useful way to learn about how effective and beneficial a particular program is.Don’t just read quotes from past participants on the program’s website, which will all most likely be glowing. Search â€Å"[name of the program] reviews† to see what others are saying about it. This information can come from past participants, the people or communities the program works to help, or third-parties who review and rate programs. Try to find out what others are saying about the program's benefits, living conditions, and organization.If multiple people are sharing concerns about the program and its impacts, you may want to consider a different option. Where Does Your Money Go? Other important information to gather is how your program fee is spent. There are unfortunately some volunteer programs that exist only to make a few owners richer and provide little or no help to others, and there are many more programs that spend participants' money on costs that don't directly benefit local communities, such as providing expensive accommodationsand leisure activities for volunteers. You'll likely be spending a significant amount of money on this program, and you deserve to know how this money is used. Look on the program's website to see if they explain how program fees are spent. If they don't, call or e-mail the program. Any reputable program will share a breakdown of costs with participants. Next, analyze these costs. Does most of the money go directly to the communities, or is a lot of it spent on things like overhead costs or leader salaries? Different programs have different costs, but ideally, at least a third to half of participant fees should go towards directly benefiting the community. In general, non-profit organizations are more likely to put more money directly towards communities than for-profit groups, but always research any program you are considering. You want to make sure that if you’re spending thousands of dollars for a volunteer program, that your money will actually be helping others. Research volunteer abroad programs before you spend a lot of money on one Will You Be Able to Afford the Program? Program costs can vary significantly, but nearly all volunteer abroad programs cost at least a few thousand dollars, and you want to make sure you can afford it before you join one.If money is a concern, look around at different programs. Cost can vary widely depending on how long the program lasts, what part of the world volunteers travel to, and the activities they participate in. Are You Prepared for the Challenges Involved? Take time to really consider what it’d be like working in a new country that is often very different from your home. Do this by researching the living conditions of volunteers for different programs and in different parts of the world.Would you be ok sharing a room with multiple other people? Not have reliable internet access? Taking anti-malarial medication regularly? Eating very different and often plain food? I learned the hard way that in Central America, most people eat rice and beans three meals a day, every day. Not thinking about these things beforehand can mean a miserable time once you start the program, and if you are unhappy while participating in a volunteer abroad program, you will likely not be as motivated to work, which means you will not help that community as much as you could be. Struggling to adapt to a new country can also mean that you spread your frustrations to other volunteers and people back home, which may make them think less of that particular country and its people. In short, if you are unhappy with your lifestyle during a volunteer abroad program, many people may suffer as a result. Are There Other Options Available? If you don’t think a volunteer abroad program is right for you, there are other options.If you are still interested in volunteering for a cause, you can see if there are similar programs in your hometown or nearby. It may not be as exotic as going to a new country, but there are places everywhere that need volunteers to tutor kids, take care of animals at a shelter, paint houses, donate food to soup kitchens, and many other activities.You can also raise money and donate it directly to organizations abroad. What's Next? If you’ve decided to do a volunteer abroad program, read our guide on the best volunteer abroad programs to discover examples of great programs! Are you considering summer academic programs for middle school and high school students as an alternative to a volunteer abroad program? Look at our guides on the SIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGY programs Extracurriculars are also a great way to work on issues you care about and have interesting experiences. Read our guide on what an extracurricular is and why you need them. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Tax Planning Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tax Planning Problem - Assignment Example This is because in case of alimony, tax is charged to the party who receives the benefits of income and thus is nondeductible to the party earning that income (Cussen, Investopedia.com). In this regard, Nell’s gross income and thus her taxable income would be increased by that amount as Nell is receiving the benefits of Kirby’s income. 3) Out of $900, only the amount of $600 is considered as alimony. This is because this amount can’t be declared as child support since continuation of this amount is not pertinent to any contingency related to child in terms of his death or attaining the age of maturity (Cussen, Investopedia.com). As a result, being alimony, this will reduce Kirby’s taxable income and increase Nell’s taxable income, each by $600. On the other hand, the remaining $300, to be ceased after any contingency to the child, can be declared as child support and thus, not being alimony, wouldn’t account for any tax-related consequence to any of the party; neither of the party would recognize this amount in his / her taxable income. Works Cited Cussen MP. â€Å"The Fundamentals of Spousal Support Taxation.† Investopedia.com. Investopedia, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2011.

Law questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law questions - Essay Example This law also applies to situations which consist of an individual entering into contracts to represent a firm which has been established under law. Applying the law to the facts, we understand that Barkley was not eligible to enter into Contract with Chetum. Along with this, Barkley is not eligible to represent the firm of his father in his absence. Therefore, looking at the overall perspective of Contractual Obligations, Barkley could not have entered into a contract with any other party. In case a contract has been entered upon between a minor and some other party, then such contract happens to not be legally binding on the parties although the work of the contract may be carried out and performed by the parties. Issue 2 Whether Knarles is criminally liable for sending a plumber whose license had not been renewed Knarles was aware that the plumber’s license had not been renewed in the current year, and in spite of that his firm had sent the plumber to Chetum’s buildi ng to do the repair work. The question which arises here right now is whether Knarles and his firm are criminally liable under the criminal jurisdiction for engaging a workman whose license had not been renewed. Under the criminal jurisprudence, there is nothing explicitly mentioned with regard to the renewal licence as a criminal liability. However, on the other hand, it is a civil liability the employer should have taken enough precaution to undergo the renewal process. IN this case, Knarles had not renewed the licence of his employee, and therefore on this point the plumber was not eligible to go and work in Chetum’s building. Whether Chetum is liable for Negligence When Barkley had sent the plumber to do the job at Chetum’s building, there were two options present for Chetum to execute: 1. To change the entire Boiler 2. To repair the Boiler When the plumber had gone there to check for the boiler, he had informed his boss Barkley that the boiler needs to be replaced and not repaired. Let us analyse the facts to get a clearer understanding. â€Å"While inspecting the non-operating boiler at Chetum’s building, the plumber notices that the boiler is one that has been recalled by the manufacturer, Housewarm, because of a defect that does not allow all the carbon monoxide produced by the boiler to vent properly. This boiler was purchased by Chetum at a salvage yard and replaced another non-operating boiler. Further, the boiler has been improperly installed, according to the plumber. The plumber notifies Barkley of the problems with the boiler and Barkley immediately notifies Chetum. Chetum tells Barkley that he does not want to purchase a new boiler. He asks if the existing boiler can be fixed to get through the winter months. Barkley calls his plumber who is still at the Chetum site and asks the plumber about a quick fix for the winter. The plumber tells Barkley he would not recommend the quick fix for the winter as this boiler is defectiv e and has been recalled.† Looking at the facts, it can be directly inferred that the boiler which was in the building was defective and should have been replaced. However, to save costs and other expenditures, Chetum did not want that to happen and therefore asked for the boiler to be repaired. It is pertinent to note that the boiler which had been installed int the building was not only improperly installed but also was defective. Therefore there was an urgent need to replace the boiler, which was concurred by the plumber but not approved by Chetum. The

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

Pearl Harbor was certainly one of the most dramatic turning points in United States history, with all the elements that go along with an epic drama: heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor shocked and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since. As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in horror as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous false rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were attacked on their own soil. As the nation was just recovering from the Great Depression, with optimism in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the actions taking place in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didn't take a stand in the war. While Americans favored neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelt's unhindered pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally provoked the Japanese to open the backdoor to war. Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy†¦" in his address to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and became their own heroes; Admiral Yamamoto's made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve". Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers Pearl Harbor was certainly one of the most dramatic turning points in United States history, with all the elements that go along with an epic drama: heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor shocked and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since. As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in horror as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous false rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were attacked on their own soil. As the nation was just recovering from the Great Depression, with optimism in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the actions taking place in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didn't take a stand in the war. While Americans favored neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelt's unhindered pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally provoked the Japanese to open the backdoor to war. Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy†¦" in his address to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and became their own heroes; Admiral Yamamoto's made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve".

Boise Art Museum Essay

Boise Art Museum is located in a serene environment with beautifully manicured lawns adorned with various artifacts. I had the privilege of visiting this renowned museum on 18th August 2003. During this time an exhibition showing the ceramic artistic works of Wanxin Zhang was ongoing. The ceramic works featured Chinese figures molded to the height of an average person and each piece having its own uniqueness. Each of the figures represented different emotions and personalities. Some of the figures even had clothing that depicted a combination of tradition and modernity. One astonishing aspect about the figures is how the artist managed such art with such huge ceramics. This depicted mastery of the art. Although all the figures were brown in color and more or less of the same size, it was very easy to discern differences in terms of the emotions and personalities displayed by the clothing, posture and facial expressions. This outlined how diversity can be achieved in art just by varying aspects such as posture and facial expression. The technique was superb as the artist managed utilize contour to bring out contrast in different parts of the body and to create outline for the clothing. The finishing was also smooth and rough surfaces were meant to bring certain aspects of the figure such as clothing. The figures are also amazing due to the extent that they manage to combine tradition and modernity. Looking at the figures one also notices the sense of humor of the artist. Some figures were adorned with glasses and some had neck ties. This gave the figures a funny and a ridiculous look. Generally the artist outlined how possible though ridiculous it would be to combine tradition and modernity in a single piece of work. This is actually a very rare observation considering that the figures still manage to look artistic and portray a rich Chinese culture. Reference: Boise Art Museum. (2010, August 18). Wanxin Zhang: A Ten Year Survey. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Boise Art Museum: http://boiseartmuseum. org/exhibit/current. php

Introduction to International Economics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1667 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction to International Economics a- Explain how the role of the Mercantilism practice between 1500- to the late 1700s century has influence the International Trade Theories in the 19th -21st century. In general, international trade is economic trade, such as trade in products, the movement of capital and labour and service trade, that made beyond the border. International trade theory is a brunch of economics that the study about every motive for economic activity and the effects made across the border. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction to International Economics" essay for you Create order To put in concretely, international trade theory treats why trade occurs between nations, what products a nation exports and imports when they participate in trade, what profits countries that taking part in trade will gain and how the profits are distributed among nations. It is also important subject of study that what economic effect is, when a nation interrupt free trade flows directly and indirectly by trade policy. International trade theory was started with the publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776, Adam Smith, however before then, there was some writings already about international trade and these writings was contained economic philosophy as known as mercantilism. Mercantilism was the economic theory supporting economic policies that European countries had adopted in 15th- and 18th century during the collapse of the feudal system. Mercantilist argued that restricting the import and encouraging the export in order to increase the wealth of the country. Mercantilism thought profits occur in the process of distribution, not the process of production, and that how much precious metals they have such as gold and silver being used all over the world means the wealth of the nation. But it led to depreciation of gold and silver because the amount of precious metals became excessively large. Then over the end of the 18th century and 19th century, mercantilism have been changed in the form of economic nationalism. Economic nationalism found the motive power of national economic development from within. They argued that to maintain independent status politically, economic also need to secure an independent phase. In the late 20th century, Neo-mercantilism emerged because it was difficult to predict what will happen in the future so they argued that the need to protect domestic manufacturers, economically ahead in another country and strengthen national security. b- Examine why countries engage in trade and the benefits of specialization and trade between countries. c- When you sit down for your evening meal try to estimate the number of people and transactions that are required to bring your meal to you be as lateral, imaginative and as specific as possible. Question 2 Trade structure of your chosen countries a- Analysis b- Data table Table 1 : Basic economic indicators and trade structure of Spain and Saudi Arabia in 2013/2014 Spain Saudi Arabia Land area(sq. km.) 505,600 2,149,690 GDP(current USD, millions) 1,358,263 745,273 CNI per capita(current USD) 29,940 26,260 Total Trade (X+M) (current USD, millions) 892,976 606,939 Total export(current USD, millions) 461,808 387,080 Total import(current USD, millions) 431,168 219,859 Trade to GDP ratio(%, 2011-2013) 64.2 80.7 Share of exports (%) Agricultural products 16.7 1.3 Fuels and mining products 12.8 83.6 Manufactures 68.3 15.0 Share of imports (%) Agricultural products 12.3 15.1 Fuels and mining products 26.2 5.4 Manufactures 61.0 76.5 Source : eurostat 2013 (https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_exi_clang=en) worldbank 2013 (https://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx) WTO 2014 (https://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=ESLanguage=F) Question 3 Absolute advantage Explain the theory When an economic entity produces a good or service at a lower cost compared to other economic entities, the economic entity is said to have an absolute advantage. For example, suppose Australia produces 100 cars per year, while New Zealand produces 50 cars per year. Australia has an absolute advantage because it produces more cars(the output) in the same amount of time(the input) as New Zealand. Adam Smith redefined the concept of the national wealth unlike mercantilists and in accordance with the absolute advantage, he argued international division of labour and free trade. He thought the national wealth should be evaluated by amount of good and service which people of the nation can consume, not by amount of precious metals a nation has. Adam Smith also argued that if the two countries in a free trade, it is possible to maximize the output of the world by specialization completely product that each country produced more efficiently than the other country. Ultimately Adam Smith viewed a free trade by absolute advantage as a win-win game, and argued that the more countries participate in trade, the more the people of the two countries can consume. Analysis of absolute advantage of Spain and Saudi Arabia Data table Table 2 : Production four selected agricultural products of Spain and Saudi Arabia in 2011/2014 Spain(2011/2014) Saudi Arabia Product Total production (thousands of tonnes) Yield (kg/hectare) Total production (tonne) Yield (kg/hectare) Apricots 86.9 21,318 ha Berries 262.9 1,782 ha Pulses 825.8 378,909 ha Figs 29.1 21,402 ha Source : Spain : total production 2011 Instituto Nacional de EstadÃÆ'Â ­stica (https://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t01/a091/a1998/l1/file=a70001.pxtype=pcaxisL=1) / Yield 2014 Encuesta Sobre Superficies Y Rendimientos De Cultivos 2014 (https://www.magrama.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-agrarias/00ESPAÃÆ'‘A_tcm7-352546.pdf) Question 4 Comparative advantage Explain the theory According to Adam Smiths the theory of absolute advantage, the trade does not occur if a nation has an absolute advantage in all of productions. Nonetheless, the classical economist David Ricardo explained by his theory of comparative advantage that trade can be happened even if a nation has an absolute advantage in all of commodities. In 1817, while Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage in Principles of Political Economy and taxation, Ricardo argued that though a nation has an absolute disadvantage in the production of two products, if it will be trade, all countries can get benefits according to comparative advantage. That is to say that even though a country has an absolute advantage in the production of both commodities, the product production that has relatively large absolute advantage makes specialize and the other country has an absolute disadvantage in the production of both commodities, the product production that has relatively low absolute disadvantage m akes specialize so then mutual benefit is possible by exchanging their comparative advantage products through free trade between two countries. Application and Analysis of comparative advantage of Spain and Saudi Arabia Data table Table 3 : Producer price : four selected products of Spain and Saudi Arabia in 2012 Spain Saudi Arabia Product Producer price (USD / tonne) Apricots 920.1 Berries 6,891 Pulses 5,701.4 Figs 1,733.2 Source : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2012 (https://faostat.fao.org/site/703/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=703#ancor) Question 5 Factor endowment, trade and income distribution (a) Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model Explain the theory The Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model is the theory that explaining trade pattern and Bertil Ohlin argued and Eli Heckscher develpoed this model. It says a country export that is easy to produce and abundant goods, and import that is not. It also elucidated an effect of trade on the price of factors of production. The Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model explained the reason of comparative advantage at factor endowment and the relative price of factor tends to equalize. In other words it argued there are difference in factors of production and factor endowment, each production has different factor intensity between trade partners therefore trade occurs because of difference of comparative cost. Application and Analysis of H-O model for Spain and Saudi Arabia Data table Table 4 : Factor endowment and pattern of trade of Spain and Saudi Arabia in 2012/2014 Factors Spain Saudi Arabia Agricultural Land (sq. km) 269,600.00 1,733,900.00 Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.05 80.66 Labour (millions) 22.93 11.22 Capital (USD) -15,141,667,020.048 164,763,650,842.157 Four major exported products Cars (8.8%) Crude Petroleum (76%) Refined Petroleum (6.3%) Refined Petroleum (5.7%) Packaged Medicaments (3.7%) Ethylene Polymers (3.7%) Vehicle Parts (3.5%) Acyclic Alcohols (2.9%) Four major imported products Crude Petroleum (13%) Cars (11%) Refined Petroleum (4.6%) Refined Petroleum (5.4%) Vehicle Parts (4.2%) Packaged Medicaments (2.3%) Petroleum Gas (4.0%) Barley (1.8%) Source: Encuesta Sobre Superficies Y Rendimientos De Cultivos (https://www.magrama.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-agrarias/Regadios2014_tcm7-359782.pdf) Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook 2014 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2095.html#sa) Observatory of economic complexity 2014 (https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/esp/, https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/sau/) (b) Stolper-Samuelson (S-S) model Explain the theory Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson determined that an exogenous increase in the relative price of a good leads to an increase in the real and relative return to the factor used more intensively in that good and a decrease in the real and relative return to the other factor. (PanagariyaArvind, 2009) Application and Analysis of S-S model for Spain and Saudi Arabia Question 6 Context of new trade theories (a) Economies of scale Explain the theory Application and Analysis of economics of scale for Spain and Saudi Arabia Data table Table 5 : domestic consumption and export : four selected agricultural products of Spain and Saudi Arabia in 2014 Spain Saudi Arabia Product Domestic consumption (Thousands of tons) Exports (ton) Domestic consumption (ton) Exports (ton) Apricots 44,665.15 Berries Pulses 112,891.43 Figs Source : Presentation of the 2013 Food Consumption Data ( December 2013, https://www.magrama.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/consumo-y-comercializacion-y-distribucion-alimentaria/Informe_MES_A_MES_Diciembre__2013_tcm7-321940.pdf) (b) Imperfect competition and market power Explain the theory Application and Analysis of economics of scale for Spain and Saudi Arabia Data table Table 6 : One selected agricultural product in 2011 Agricultural product name : Apricots Top 4 exporting countries Volume of production (tons) Share of world production (%) France 48,606 Spain 31,655 Turkey 28,489 Uzbekistan 26,629 Source : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2011 (https://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx) Question 7 Conclusion Question 8 References References Bowles, P. (2009). Mercantilism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Falkner, R. (2011). International political economy. Retrieved 4 24, 2015, from londoninternational: https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/lse/lse_pdf/subject_guides/ir3026_ch1-3.pdf Kim, C. (2011). Mercantilism. Retrieved 4 23, 2015, from Naver: https://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?rid=104contents_id=5110 Maneschi, A. (2009). Comparative advantage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Panagariya, A. (2009). Heckscher-Ohlin model. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Van Marrewijk, C. (2009). Absolute advantage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lecturer : Dr. Jacob KettoolaPage 1 of 10